Ribes nigrum, commonly known as black currant, is a perennial shrub prized for its fruit and medicinal properties. Native to temperate regions of Eurasia and northern Asia, black currant has been cultivated for over 400 years but gained herbal recognition only in the 17th century. Its versatility is showcased in various forms, including jams, juices, syrups, and more. Traditionally used in Chinese folk medicine, black currant continues to be a valuable fruit in modern health practices.
Classification and Taxonomy
- Common Names: Black currant, European black currant, European currant
- Systematic Classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Tracheophyta
- Class: Magnoliopsida
- Order: Saxifragales
- Family: Grossulariaceae
Chemical Composition
Black currant’s pharmacological and nutritional benefits stem from its rich chemical composition:
- Phenolic Compounds:
- Anthocyanins: Delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside
- Proanthocyanidins: Catechin polymers
- Flavonols: Quercetin, myricetin
- Phenolic Acids: Gallic acid, caffeic acid
- Stilbenoids: Resveratrol
- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA):
- Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), oleic acid
- Vitamins:
- Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), Vitamin E
- Carbohydrates:
- Galacturonic acid, galactose
- Tannins:
- Hydrolyzed tannins: Ellagitannins, gallotannins
- Essential Oils:
- Limonene, sabinene, pinene
- Minerals:
- Potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron
Habitat
Black currant thrives in the east and central European regions, northern Asia, the United States, and New Zealand. It prefers well-drained soil with good aeration, a pH range of 5 to 7, and can withstand temperatures as low as -40°C. Commonly found in hedges, bushlands, woodlands, meadows, and stream sides, black currant requires a temperate climate with mild summers and cold winters.
Morphology
The Ribes nigrum shrub grows to a height of 1-2 meters, with an erect, glandular stem. The leaves are alternate, simple, and have 3-5 lobes. It features racemose inflorescence with 10-12 flowers and produces aromatic, purplish berries approximately 12 mm in diameter.
Historical and Practical Uses
Historically, black currant was used by the herbalist John Gerard in the 17th century for making medicinal teas and potions. Today, its practical applications span several areas:
- Anti-Inflammatory: Black currant leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatism, arthritis, and respiratory issues.
- Immunity Booster: High levels of anthocyanins and vitamin C enhance general immunity.
- Antimicrobial: Essential oils from black currant buds possess antimicrobial properties and are used to treat infections and skin issues.
- Antioxidant: Phenolic extracts offer neuroprotection and support cardiovascular health. They also aid in blood pressure management and cancer prevention.
- Diabetes: Black currant helps lower blood glucose levels, benefiting those with type 2 diabetes.
- Ocular Health: Anthocyanins support eye health, helping to treat glaucoma and relax ciliary muscles.
- Cosmetics: Black currant seed oil treats eczema and dermatitis, enhances skin elasticity, and has anti-aging properties. Essential oils are used in cosmetics and perfumes for their fragrance.
- Foods: Black currant fruit is used in jellies, desserts, and beverages. In Finland, a drink called ‘louhisaari’ is made from young black currant leaves. In France, it is used to make cassis liqueur and other traditional drinks.
Parts Used
- Leaves
- Seeds
- Buds
- Fruit (berries)
Dosage
- Seed Powder: 1-3 gm
- Leaf Juice: 5-10 ml
- Essential Oil: 3-5 ml
- Juice: 300 ml
- Syrup: 2-5 ml
- Powder: 5 gm
Comparison with Other Herbs
Black currant is sometimes compared with other currants like Carissa carandas (karonda), which is native to India. Carissa carandas also produces berries and is used in Indian cuisine and pickles but is less well-known globally compared to Ribes nigrum.
Effects on Doshas
In Ayurvedic terms, black currant reduces vata dosha while increasing kapha and pitta doshas.
The Bottomline
Ribes nigrum, or black currant, is renowned for its flavor and extensive health benefits. From its historical use in medicine to its modern applications in cosmetics, food, and health supplements, black currant continues to be a valuable fruit. Its nutritional and pharmacological properties make it a versatile and beneficial addition to various aspects of health and wellness.
